Prefetching & Router Integration

When you know or suspect that a certain piece of data will be needed, you can use prefetching to populate the cache with that data ahead of time, leading to a faster experience.

There are a few different prefetching patterns:

In event handlers
In components
Via router integration
During Server Rendering (another form of router integration)

In this guide, we'll take a look at the first three, while the fourth will be covered in depth in the Server Rendering & Hydration guide and the Advanced Server Rendering guide.

One specific use of prefetching is to avoid Request Waterfalls, for an in-depth background and explanation of those, see the Performance & Request Waterfalls guide.

prefetchQuery & prefetchInfiniteQuery

Before jumping into the different specific prefetch patterns, let's look at the prefetchQuery and prefetchInfiniteQuery functions. First a few basics:

Out of the box, these functions use the default staleTime configured for the queryClient to determine whether existing data in the cache is fresh or needs to be fetched again
You can also pass a specific staleTime like this: prefetchQuery({ queryKey: ['todos'], queryFn: fn, staleTime: 5000 })
- This staleTime is only used for the prefetch, you still need to set it for any useQuery call as well
- If you want to ignore staleTime and instead always return data if it's available in the cache, you can use the ensureQueryData function.
- Tip: If you are prefetching on the server, set a default staleTime higher than 0 for that queryClient to avoid having to pass in a specific staleTime to each prefetch call
If no instances of useQuery appear for a prefetched query, it will be deleted and garbage collected after the time specified in gcTime
These functions returns Promise<void> and thus never return query data. If that's something you need, use fetchQuery/fetchInfiniteQuery instead.
The prefetch functions never throws errors because they usually try to fetch again in a useQuery which is a nice graceful fallback. If you need to catch errors, use fetchQuery/fetchInfiniteQuery instead.

This is how you use prefetchQuery:

tsx

const prefetchTodos = async () => {
  // The results of this query will be cached like a normal query
  await queryClient.prefetchQuery({
    queryKey: ['todos'],
    queryFn: fetchTodos,
  })
}

const prefetchTodos = async () => {
  // The results of this query will be cached like a normal query
  await queryClient.prefetchQuery({
    queryKey: ['todos'],
    queryFn: fetchTodos,
  })
}

Infinite Queries can be prefetched like regular Queries. Per default, only the first page of the Query will be prefetched and will be stored under the given QueryKey. If you want to prefetch more than one page, you can use the pages option, in which case you also have to provide a getNextPageParam function:

tsx

const prefetchProjects = async () => {
  // The results of this query will be cached like a normal query
  await queryClient.prefetchInfiniteQuery({
    queryKey: ['projects'],
    queryFn: fetchProjects,
    initialPageParam: 0,
    getNextPageParam: (lastPage, pages) => lastPage.nextCursor,
    pages: 3, // prefetch the first 3 pages
  })
}

const prefetchProjects = async () => {
  // The results of this query will be cached like a normal query
  await queryClient.prefetchInfiniteQuery({
    queryKey: ['projects'],
    queryFn: fetchProjects,
    initialPageParam: 0,
    getNextPageParam: (lastPage, pages) => lastPage.nextCursor,
    pages: 3, // prefetch the first 3 pages
  })
}

Next, let's look at how you can use these and other ways to prefetch in different situations.

Prefetch in event handlers

A straightforward form of prefetching is doing it when the user interacts with something. In this example we'll use queryClient.prefetchQuery to start a prefetch on onMouseEnter or onFocus.

tsx

function ShowDetailsButton() {
  const queryClient = useQueryClient()

  const prefetch = () => {
    queryClient.prefetchQuery({
      queryKey: ['details'],
      queryFn: getDetailsData,
      // Prefetch only fires when data is older than the staleTime,
      // so in a case like this you definitely want to set one
      staleTime: 60000,
    })
  }

  return (
    <button onMouseEnter={prefetch} onFocus={prefetch} onClick={...}>
      Show Details
    </button>
  )
}

function ShowDetailsButton() {
  const queryClient = useQueryClient()

  const prefetch = () => {
    queryClient.prefetchQuery({
      queryKey: ['details'],
      queryFn: getDetailsData,
      // Prefetch only fires when data is older than the staleTime,
      // so in a case like this you definitely want to set one
      staleTime: 60000,
    })
  }

  return (
    <button onMouseEnter={prefetch} onFocus={prefetch} onClick={...}>
      Show Details
    </button>
  )
}

Prefetch in components

Prefetching during the component lifecycle is useful when we know some child or descendant will need a particular piece of data, but we can't render that until some other query has finished loading. Let's borrow an example from the Request Waterfall guide to explain:

tsx

function Article({ id }) {
  const { data: articleData, isPending } = useQuery({
    queryKey: ['article', id],
    queryFn: getArticleById,
  })

  if (isPending) {
    return 'Loading article...'
  }

  return (
    <>
      <ArticleHeader articleData={articleData} />
      <ArticleBody articleData={articleData} />
      <Comments id={id} />
    </>
  )
}

function Comments({ id }) {
  const { data, isPending } = useQuery({
    queryKey: ['article-comments', id],
    queryFn: getArticleCommentsById,
  })

  ...
}

function Article({ id }) {
  const { data: articleData, isPending } = useQuery({
    queryKey: ['article', id],
    queryFn: getArticleById,
  })

  if (isPending) {
    return 'Loading article...'
  }

  return (
    <>
      <ArticleHeader articleData={articleData} />
      <ArticleBody articleData={articleData} />
      <Comments id={id} />
    </>
  )
}

function Comments({ id }) {
  const { data, isPending } = useQuery({
    queryKey: ['article-comments', id],
    queryFn: getArticleCommentsById,
  })

  ...
}

This results in a request waterfall looking like this:

1. |> getArticleById()
2.   |> getArticleCommentsById()

1. |> getArticleById()
2.   |> getArticleCommentsById()

As mentioned in that guide, one way to flatten this waterfall and improve performance is to hoist the getArticleCommentsById query to the parent and pass down the result as a prop, but what if this is not feasible or desirable, for example when the components are unrelated and have multiple levels between them?

In that case, we can instead prefetch the query in the parent. The simplest way to do this is to use a query but ignore the result:

tsx

function Article({ id }) {
  const { data: articleData, isPending } = useQuery({
    queryKey: ['article', id],
    queryFn: getArticleById,
  })

  // Prefetch
  useQuery({
    queryKey: ['article-comments', id],
    queryFn: getArticleCommentsById,
    // Optional optimization to avoid rerenders when this query changes:
    notifyOnChangeProps: [],
  })

  if (isPending) {
    return 'Loading article...'
  }

  return (
    <>
      <ArticleHeader articleData={articleData} />
      <ArticleBody articleData={articleData} />
      <Comments id={id} />
    </>
  )
}

function Comments({ id }) {
  const { data, isPending } = useQuery({
    queryKey: ['article-comments', id],
    queryFn: getArticleCommentsById,
  })

  ...
}

function Article({ id }) {
  const { data: articleData, isPending } = useQuery({
    queryKey: ['article', id],
    queryFn: getArticleById,
  })

  // Prefetch
  useQuery({
    queryKey: ['article-comments', id],
    queryFn: getArticleCommentsById,
    // Optional optimization to avoid rerenders when this query changes:
    notifyOnChangeProps: [],
  })

  if (isPending) {
    return 'Loading article...'
  }

  return (
    <>
      <ArticleHeader articleData={articleData} />
      <ArticleBody articleData={articleData} />
      <Comments id={id} />
    </>
  )
}

function Comments({ id }) {
  const { data, isPending } = useQuery({
    queryKey: ['article-comments', id],
    queryFn: getArticleCommentsById,
  })

  ...
}

This starts fetching 'article-comments' immediately and flattens the waterfall:

1. |> getArticleById()
1. |> getArticleCommentsById()

1. |> getArticleById()
1. |> getArticleCommentsById()

If you want to prefetch together with Suspense, you will have to do things a bit differently. You can't use useSuspenseQueries to prefetch, since the prefetch would block the component from rendering. You also can not use useQuery for the prefetch, because that wouldn't start the prefetch until after suspenseful query had resolved. For this scenario, you can use the usePrefetchQuery or the usePrefetchInfiniteQuery hooks available in the library.

You can now use useSuspenseQuery in the component that actually needs the data. You might want to wrap this later component in its own <Suspense> boundary so the "secondary" query we are prefetching does not block rendering of the "primary" data.

tsx

function ArticleLayout({ id }) {
  usePrefetchQuery({
    queryKey: ['article-comments', id],
    queryFn: getArticleCommentsById,
  })

  return (
    <Suspense fallback="Loading article">
      <Article id={id} />
    </Suspense>
  )
}

function Article({ id }) {
  const { data: articleData, isPending } = useSuspenseQuery({
    queryKey: ['article', id],
    queryFn: getArticleById,
  })

  ...
}

function ArticleLayout({ id }) {
  usePrefetchQuery({
    queryKey: ['article-comments', id],
    queryFn: getArticleCommentsById,
  })

  return (
    <Suspense fallback="Loading article">
      <Article id={id} />
    </Suspense>
  )
}

function Article({ id }) {
  const { data: articleData, isPending } = useSuspenseQuery({
    queryKey: ['article', id],
    queryFn: getArticleById,
  })

  ...
}

Another way is to prefetch inside of the query function. This makes sense if you know that every time an article is fetched it's very likely comments will also be needed. For this, we'll use queryClient.prefetchQuery:

tsx

const queryClient = useQueryClient()
const { data: articleData, isPending } = useQuery({
  queryKey: ['article', id],
  queryFn: (...args) => {
    queryClient.prefetchQuery({
      queryKey: ['article-comments', id],
      queryFn: getArticleCommentsById,
    })

    return getArticleById(...args)
  },
})

const queryClient = useQueryClient()
const { data: articleData, isPending } = useQuery({
  queryKey: ['article', id],
  queryFn: (...args) => {
    queryClient.prefetchQuery({
      queryKey: ['article-comments', id],
      queryFn: getArticleCommentsById,
    })

    return getArticleById(...args)
  },
})

Prefetching in an effect also works, but note that if you are using useSuspenseQuery in the same component, this effect wont run until after the query finishes which might not be what you want.

tsx

const queryClient = useQueryClient()

useEffect(() => {
  queryClient.prefetchQuery({
    queryKey: ['article-comments', id],
    queryFn: getArticleCommentsById,
  })
}, [queryClient, id])

const queryClient = useQueryClient()

useEffect(() => {
  queryClient.prefetchQuery({
    queryKey: ['article-comments', id],
    queryFn: getArticleCommentsById,
  })
}, [queryClient, id])

To recap, if you want to prefetch a query during the component lifecycle, there are a few different ways to do it, pick the one that suits your situation best:

Prefetch before a suspense boundary using usePrefetchQuery or usePrefetchInfiniteQuery hooks
Use useQuery or useSuspenseQueries and ignore the result
Prefetch inside the query function
Prefetch in an effect

Let's look at a slightly more advanced case next.

Dependent Queries & Code Splitting

Sometimes we want to prefetch conditionally, based on the result of another fetch. Consider this example borrowed from the Performance & Request Waterfalls guide:

tsx

// This lazy loads the GraphFeedItem component, meaning
// it wont start loading until something renders it
const GraphFeedItem = React.lazy(() => import('./GraphFeedItem'))

function Feed() {
  const { data, isPending } = useQuery({
    queryKey: ['feed'],
    queryFn: getFeed,
  })

  if (isPending) {
    return 'Loading feed...'
  }

  return (
    <>
      {data.map((feedItem) => {
        if (feedItem.type === 'GRAPH') {
          return <GraphFeedItem key={feedItem.id} feedItem={feedItem} />
        }

        return <StandardFeedItem key={feedItem.id} feedItem={feedItem} />
      })}
    </>
  )
}

// GraphFeedItem.tsx
function GraphFeedItem({ feedItem }) {
  const { data, isPending } = useQuery({
    queryKey: ['graph', feedItem.id],
    queryFn: getGraphDataById,
  })

  ...
}

// This lazy loads the GraphFeedItem component, meaning
// it wont start loading until something renders it
const GraphFeedItem = React.lazy(() => import('./GraphFeedItem'))

function Feed() {
  const { data, isPending } = useQuery({
    queryKey: ['feed'],
    queryFn: getFeed,
  })

  if (isPending) {
    return 'Loading feed...'
  }

  return (
    <>
      {data.map((feedItem) => {
        if (feedItem.type === 'GRAPH') {
          return <GraphFeedItem key={feedItem.id} feedItem={feedItem} />
        }

        return <StandardFeedItem key={feedItem.id} feedItem={feedItem} />
      })}
    </>
  )
}

// GraphFeedItem.tsx
function GraphFeedItem({ feedItem }) {
  const { data, isPending } = useQuery({
    queryKey: ['graph', feedItem.id],
    queryFn: getGraphDataById,
  })

  ...
}

As noted over in that guide, this example leads to the following double request waterfall:

1. |> getFeed()
2.   |> JS for <GraphFeedItem>
3.     |> getGraphDataById()

1. |> getFeed()
2.   |> JS for <GraphFeedItem>
3.     |> getGraphDataById()

If we can not restructure our API so getFeed() also returns the getGraphDataById() data when necessary, there is no way to get rid of the getFeed->getGraphDataById waterfall, but by leveraging conditional prefetching, we can at least load the code and data in parallel. Just like described above, there are multiple ways to do this, but for this example, we'll do it in the query function:

tsx

function Feed() {
  const queryClient = useQueryClient()
  const { data, isPending } = useQuery({
    queryKey: ['feed'],
    queryFn: async (...args) => {
      const feed = await getFeed(...args)

      for (const feedItem of feed) {
        if (feedItem.type === 'GRAPH') {
          queryClient.prefetchQuery({
            queryKey: ['graph', feedItem.id],
            queryFn: getGraphDataById,
          })
        }
      }

      return feed
    }
  })

  ...
}

function Feed() {
  const queryClient = useQueryClient()
  const { data, isPending } = useQuery({
    queryKey: ['feed'],
    queryFn: async (...args) => {
      const feed = await getFeed(...args)

      for (const feedItem of feed) {
        if (feedItem.type === 'GRAPH') {
          queryClient.prefetchQuery({
            queryKey: ['graph', feedItem.id],
            queryFn: getGraphDataById,
          })
        }
      }

      return feed
    }
  })

  ...
}

This would load the code and data in parallel:

1. |> getFeed()
2.   |> JS for <GraphFeedItem>
2.   |> getGraphDataById()

1. |> getFeed()
2.   |> JS for <GraphFeedItem>
2.   |> getGraphDataById()

There is a tradeoff however, in that the code for getGraphDataById is now included in the parent bundle instead of in JS for <GraphFeedItem> so you'll need to determine what's the best performance tradeoff on a case by case basis. If GraphFeedItem are likely, it's probably worth to include the code in the parent. If they are exceedingly rare, it's probably not.

Router Integration

Because data fetching in the component tree itself can easily lead to request waterfalls and the different fixes for that can be cumbersome as they accumulate throughout the application, an attractive way to do prefetching is integrating it at the router level.

In this approach, you explicitly declare for each route what data is going to be needed for that component tree, ahead of time. Because Server Rendering has traditionally needed all data to be loaded before rendering starts, this has been the dominating approach for SSR'd apps for a long time. This is still a common approach and you can read more about it in the Server Rendering & Hydration guide.

For now, let's focus on the client side case and look at an example of how you can make this work with Tanstack Router. These examples leave out a lot of setup and boilerplate to stay concise, you can check out a full React Query example over in the Tanstack Router docs.

When integrating at the router level, you can choose to either block rendering of that route until all data is present, or you can start a prefetch but not await the result. That way, you can start rendering the route as soon as possible. You can also mix these two approaches and await some critical data, but start rendering before all the secondary data has finished loading. In this example, we'll configure an /article route to not render until the article data has finished loading, as well as start prefetching comments as soon as possible, but not block rendering the route if comments haven't finished loading yet.

tsx

const queryClient = new QueryClient()
const routerContext = new RouterContext()
const rootRoute = routerContext.createRootRoute({
  component: () => { ... }
})

const articleRoute = new Route({
  getParentRoute: () => rootRoute,
  path: 'article',
  beforeLoad: () => {
    return {
      articleQueryOptions: { queryKey: ['article'], queryFn: fetchArticle },
      commentsQueryOptions: { queryKey: ['comments'], queryFn: fetchComments },
    }
  },
  loader: async ({
    context: { queryClient },
    routeContext: { articleQueryOptions, commentsQueryOptions },
  }) => {
    // Fetch comments asap, but don't block
    queryClient.prefetchQuery(commentsQueryOptions)

    // Don't render the route at all until article has been fetched
    await queryClient.prefetchQuery(articleQueryOptions)
  },
  component: ({ useRouteContext }) => {
    const { articleQueryOptions, commentsQueryOptions } = useRouteContext()
    const articleQuery = useQuery(articleQueryOptions)
    const commentsQuery = useQuery(commentsQueryOptions)

    return (
      ...
    )
  },
  errorComponent: () => 'Oh crap!',
})

const queryClient = new QueryClient()
const routerContext = new RouterContext()
const rootRoute = routerContext.createRootRoute({
  component: () => { ... }
})

const articleRoute = new Route({
  getParentRoute: () => rootRoute,
  path: 'article',
  beforeLoad: () => {
    return {
      articleQueryOptions: { queryKey: ['article'], queryFn: fetchArticle },
      commentsQueryOptions: { queryKey: ['comments'], queryFn: fetchComments },
    }
  },
  loader: async ({
    context: { queryClient },
    routeContext: { articleQueryOptions, commentsQueryOptions },
  }) => {
    // Fetch comments asap, but don't block
    queryClient.prefetchQuery(commentsQueryOptions)

    // Don't render the route at all until article has been fetched
    await queryClient.prefetchQuery(articleQueryOptions)
  },
  component: ({ useRouteContext }) => {
    const { articleQueryOptions, commentsQueryOptions } = useRouteContext()
    const articleQuery = useQuery(articleQueryOptions)
    const commentsQuery = useQuery(commentsQueryOptions)

    return (
      ...
    )
  },
  errorComponent: () => 'Oh crap!',
})

Integration with other routers is also possible, see the React Router example for another demonstration.

Manually Priming a Query

If you already have the data for your query synchronously available, you don't need to prefetch it. You can just use the Query Client's setQueryData method to directly add or update a query's cached result by key.

tsx

queryClient.setQueryData(['todos'], todos)

queryClient.setQueryData(['todos'], todos)