Form and Field Validation

At the core of TanStack Form's functionalities is the concept of validation. TanStack Form makes validation highly customizable:

You can control when to perform the validation (on change, on input, on blur, on submit...)
Validation rules can be defined at the field level or at the form level
Validation can be synchronous or asynchronous (for example, as a result of an API call)

When is validation performed?

It's up to you! The <Field /> component accepts some callbacks as props such as onChange or onBlur. Those callbacks are passed the current value of the field, as well as the fieldAPI object, so that you can perform the validation. If you find a validation error, simply return the error message as string and it will be available in field.state.meta.errors.

Here is an example:

tsx

<form.Field
  name="age"
  validators={{
    onChange: ({value}) =>
      value < 13 ? 'You must be 13 to make an account' : undefined,
  }}
>
  {(field) => (
    <>
      <label htmlFor={field.name}>Age:</label>
      <input
        id={field.name}
        name={field.name}
        value={field.state.value}
        type="number"
        onChange={(e) => field.handleChange(e.target.valueAsNumber)}
      />
      {field.state.meta.errors ? (
        <em role="alert">{field.state.meta.errors.join(', ')}</em>
      ) : null}
    </>
  )}
</form.Field>

<form.Field
  name="age"
  validators={{
    onChange: ({value}) =>
      value < 13 ? 'You must be 13 to make an account' : undefined,
  }}
>
  {(field) => (
    <>
      <label htmlFor={field.name}>Age:</label>
      <input
        id={field.name}
        name={field.name}
        value={field.state.value}
        type="number"
        onChange={(e) => field.handleChange(e.target.valueAsNumber)}
      />
      {field.state.meta.errors ? (
        <em role="alert">{field.state.meta.errors.join(', ')}</em>
      ) : null}
    </>
  )}
</form.Field>

In the example above, the validation is done at each keystroke (onChange). If, instead, we wanted the validation to be done when the field is blurred, we would change the code above like so:

tsx

<form.Field
  name="age"
  validators={{
    onBlur: ({value}) =>
      value < 13 ? 'You must be 13 to make an account' : undefined,
  }}
>
  {(field) => (
    <>
      <label htmlFor={field.name}>Age:</label>
      <input
        id={field.name}
        name={field.name}
        value={field.state.value}
        type="number"
        // Listen to the onBlur event on the field
        onBlur={field.handleBlur}
        // We always need to implement onChange, so that TanStack Form receives the changes
        onChange={(e) => field.handleChange(e.target.valueAsNumber)}
      />
      {field.state.meta.errors ? (
        <em role="alert">{field.state.meta.errors.join(', ')}</em>
      ) : null}
    </>
  )}
</form.Field>

<form.Field
  name="age"
  validators={{
    onBlur: ({value}) =>
      value < 13 ? 'You must be 13 to make an account' : undefined,
  }}
>
  {(field) => (
    <>
      <label htmlFor={field.name}>Age:</label>
      <input
        id={field.name}
        name={field.name}
        value={field.state.value}
        type="number"
        // Listen to the onBlur event on the field
        onBlur={field.handleBlur}
        // We always need to implement onChange, so that TanStack Form receives the changes
        onChange={(e) => field.handleChange(e.target.valueAsNumber)}
      />
      {field.state.meta.errors ? (
        <em role="alert">{field.state.meta.errors.join(', ')}</em>
      ) : null}
    </>
  )}
</form.Field>

So you can control when the validation is done by implementing the desired callback. You can even perform different pieces of validation at different times:

tsx

<form.Field
  name="age"
  validators={{
    onChange: ({value}) =>
      value < 13 ? 'You must be 13 to make an account' : undefined,
    onBlur: ({value}) => (value < 0 ? 'Invalid value' : undefined),
  }}
>
  {(field) => (
    <>
      <label htmlFor={field.name}>Age:</label>
      <input
        id={field.name}
        name={field.name}
        value={field.state.value}
        type="number"
        // Listen to the onBlur event on the field
        onBlur={field.handleBlur}
        // We always need to implement onChange, so that TanStack Form receives the changes
        onChange={(e) => field.handleChange(e.target.valueAsNumber)}
      />
      {field.state.meta.errors ? (
        <em role="alert">{field.state.meta.errors.join(', ')}</em>
      ) : null}
    </>
  )}
</form.Field>

<form.Field
  name="age"
  validators={{
    onChange: ({value}) =>
      value < 13 ? 'You must be 13 to make an account' : undefined,
    onBlur: ({value}) => (value < 0 ? 'Invalid value' : undefined),
  }}
>
  {(field) => (
    <>
      <label htmlFor={field.name}>Age:</label>
      <input
        id={field.name}
        name={field.name}
        value={field.state.value}
        type="number"
        // Listen to the onBlur event on the field
        onBlur={field.handleBlur}
        // We always need to implement onChange, so that TanStack Form receives the changes
        onChange={(e) => field.handleChange(e.target.valueAsNumber)}
      />
      {field.state.meta.errors ? (
        <em role="alert">{field.state.meta.errors.join(', ')}</em>
      ) : null}
    </>
  )}
</form.Field>

In the example above, we are validating different things on the same field at different times (at each keystroke and when blurring the field). Since field.state.meta.errors is an array, all the relevant errors at a given time are displayed. You can also use field.state.meta.errorMap to get errors based on when the validation was done (onChange, onBlur etc...). More info about displaying errors below.

Displaying Errors

Once you have your validation in place, you can map the errors from an array to be displayed in your UI:

tsx

<form.Field
  name="age"
  validators={{
    onChange: ({value}) =>
      value < 13 ? 'You must be 13 to make an account' : undefined,
  }}
>
  {(field) => {
    return (
      <>
        {/* ... */}
        {field.state.meta.errors.length ? <em>{field.state.meta.errors.join(",")}</em> : null}
      </>
    )
  }}
</form.Field>

<form.Field
  name="age"
  validators={{
    onChange: ({value}) =>
      value < 13 ? 'You must be 13 to make an account' : undefined,
  }}
>
  {(field) => {
    return (
      <>
        {/* ... */}
        {field.state.meta.errors.length ? <em>{field.state.meta.errors.join(",")}</em> : null}
      </>
    )
  }}
</form.Field>

Or use the errorMap property to access the specific error you're looking for:

tsx

<form.Field
  name="age"
  validators={{
    onChange: ({value}) =>
      value < 13 ? 'You must be 13 to make an account' : undefined,
  }}
>
  {(field) => (
    <>
      {/* ... */}
      {field.state.meta.errorMap['onChange'] ? (
        <em>{field.state.meta.errorMap['onChange']}</em>
      ) : null}
    </>
  )}
</form.Field>

<form.Field
  name="age"
  validators={{
    onChange: ({value}) =>
      value < 13 ? 'You must be 13 to make an account' : undefined,
  }}
>
  {(field) => (
    <>
      {/* ... */}
      {field.state.meta.errorMap['onChange'] ? (
        <em>{field.state.meta.errorMap['onChange']}</em>
      ) : null}
    </>
  )}
</form.Field>

Validation at field level vs at form level

As shown above, each <Field> accepts its own validation rules via the onChange, onBlur etc... callbacks. It is also possible to define validation rules at the form level (as opposed to field by field) by passing similar callbacks to the useForm() hook.

Example:

tsx

export default function App() {
  const form = useForm({
    defaultValues: {
      age: 0,
    },
    onSubmit: async ({ value }) => {
      console.log(value)
    },
    validators: {
      // Add validators to the form the same way you would add them to a field
      onChange({ value }) {
        if (value.age < 13) {
          return 'Must be 13 or older to sign'
        }
        return undefined
      },
    },
  })

  // Subscribe to the form's error map so that updates to it will render
  // alternately, you can use `form.Subscribe`
  const formErrorMap = form.useStore((state) => state.errorMap)

  return (
    <div>
      {/* ... */}
      {formErrorMap.onChange ? (
        <div>
          <em>There was an error on the form: {formErrorMap.onChange}</em>
        </div>
      ) : null}
      {/* ... */}
    </div>
  )
}

export default function App() {
  const form = useForm({
    defaultValues: {
      age: 0,
    },
    onSubmit: async ({ value }) => {
      console.log(value)
    },
    validators: {
      // Add validators to the form the same way you would add them to a field
      onChange({ value }) {
        if (value.age < 13) {
          return 'Must be 13 or older to sign'
        }
        return undefined
      },
    },
  })

  // Subscribe to the form's error map so that updates to it will render
  // alternately, you can use `form.Subscribe`
  const formErrorMap = form.useStore((state) => state.errorMap)

  return (
    <div>
      {/* ... */}
      {formErrorMap.onChange ? (
        <div>
          <em>There was an error on the form: {formErrorMap.onChange}</em>
        </div>
      ) : null}
      {/* ... */}
    </div>
  )
}

Setting field-level errors from the form's validators

You can set errors on the fields from the form's validators. One common use case for this is validating all the fields on submit by calling a single API endpoint in the form's onSubmitAsync validator.

tsx

export default function App() {
  const form = useForm({
    defaultValues: {
      age: 0,
    },
    validators: {
      onSubmitAsync: async ({ value }) => {
        // Verify the age on the server
        const isOlderThan13 = await verifyAgeOnServer(value.age)
        if (!isOlderThan13) {
          return {
            form: 'Invalid data', // The `form` key is optional
            fields: {
              age: 'Must be 13 or older to sign',
            },
          }
        }

        return null
      },
    },
  })

  return (
    <div>
      <form
        onSubmit={(e) => {
          e.preventDefault()
          e.stopPropagation()
          void form.handleSubmit()
        }}
      >
        <form.Field name="age">
          {(field) => (
            <>
              <label htmlFor={field.name}>Age:</label>
              <input
                id={field.name}
                name={field.name}
                value={field.state.value}
                type="number"
                onChange={(e) => field.handleChange(e.target.valueAsNumber)}
              />
              {field.state.meta.errors ? (
                <em role="alert">{field.state.meta.errors.join(', ')}</em>
              ) : null}
            </>
          )}
        </form.Field>
        <form.Subscribe
          selector={(state) => [state.errorMap]}
          children={([errorMap]) =>
            errorMap.onSubmit ? (
              <div>
                <em>There was an error on the form: {errorMap.onSubmit}</em>
              </div>
            ) : null
          }
        />
        {/*...*/}
      </form>
    </div>
  )
}

export default function App() {
  const form = useForm({
    defaultValues: {
      age: 0,
    },
    validators: {
      onSubmitAsync: async ({ value }) => {
        // Verify the age on the server
        const isOlderThan13 = await verifyAgeOnServer(value.age)
        if (!isOlderThan13) {
          return {
            form: 'Invalid data', // The `form` key is optional
            fields: {
              age: 'Must be 13 or older to sign',
            },
          }
        }

        return null
      },
    },
  })

  return (
    <div>
      <form
        onSubmit={(e) => {
          e.preventDefault()
          e.stopPropagation()
          void form.handleSubmit()
        }}
      >
        <form.Field name="age">
          {(field) => (
            <>
              <label htmlFor={field.name}>Age:</label>
              <input
                id={field.name}
                name={field.name}
                value={field.state.value}
                type="number"
                onChange={(e) => field.handleChange(e.target.valueAsNumber)}
              />
              {field.state.meta.errors ? (
                <em role="alert">{field.state.meta.errors.join(', ')}</em>
              ) : null}
            </>
          )}
        </form.Field>
        <form.Subscribe
          selector={(state) => [state.errorMap]}
          children={([errorMap]) =>
            errorMap.onSubmit ? (
              <div>
                <em>There was an error on the form: {errorMap.onSubmit}</em>
              </div>
            ) : null
          }
        />
        {/*...*/}
      </form>
    </div>
  )
}

Something worth mentioning is that if you have a form validation function that returns an error, that error may be overwritten by the field-specific validation.

This means that:

jsx

 const form = useForm({
    defaultValues: {
      age: 0,
    },
    validators: {
      onChange: ({ value }) => {
        return {
          fields: {
            age: value.age < 12 ? 'Too young!' : undefined,
          },
        }
      },
    },
})

// ...

return <form.Field
  name="age"
  validators={{
    onChange: ({ value }) => value % 2 === 0 ? 'Must be odd!' : undefined,
  }}
/>

 const form = useForm({
    defaultValues: {
      age: 0,
    },
    validators: {
      onChange: ({ value }) => {
        return {
          fields: {
            age: value.age < 12 ? 'Too young!' : undefined,
          },
        }
      },
    },
})

// ...

return <form.Field
  name="age"
  validators={{
    onChange: ({ value }) => value % 2 === 0 ? 'Must be odd!' : undefined,
  }}
/>

Will only show 'Must be odd! even if the 'Too young!' error is returned by the form-level validation.

Asynchronous Functional Validation

While we suspect most validations will be synchronous, there are many instances where a network call or some other async operation would be useful to validate against.

To do this, we have dedicated onChangeAsync, onBlurAsync, and other methods that can be used to validate against:

tsx

<form.Field
  name="age"
  validators={{
    onChangeAsync: async ({value}) => {
      await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 1000))
      return value < 13 ? 'You must be 13 to make an account' : undefined
    },
  }}
>
  {(field) => (
    <>
      <label htmlFor={field.name}>Age:</label>
      <input
        id={field.name}
        name={field.name}
        value={field.state.value}
        type="number"
        onChange={(e) => field.handleChange(e.target.valueAsNumber)}
      />
      {field.state.meta.errors ? (
        <em role="alert">{field.state.meta.errors.join(', ')}</em>
      ) : null}
    </>
  )}
</form.Field>

<form.Field
  name="age"
  validators={{
    onChangeAsync: async ({value}) => {
      await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 1000))
      return value < 13 ? 'You must be 13 to make an account' : undefined
    },
  }}
>
  {(field) => (
    <>
      <label htmlFor={field.name}>Age:</label>
      <input
        id={field.name}
        name={field.name}
        value={field.state.value}
        type="number"
        onChange={(e) => field.handleChange(e.target.valueAsNumber)}
      />
      {field.state.meta.errors ? (
        <em role="alert">{field.state.meta.errors.join(', ')}</em>
      ) : null}
    </>
  )}
</form.Field>

Synchronous and Asynchronous validations can coexist. For example, it is possible to define both onBlur and onBlurAsync on the same field:

tsx

<form.Field
  name="age"
  validators={{
    onBlur: ({value}) => (value < 13 ? 'You must be at least 13' : undefined),
    onBlurAsync: async ({value}) => {
      const currentAge = await fetchCurrentAgeOnProfile()
      return value < currentAge ? 'You can only increase the age' : undefined
    },
  }}
>
  {(field) => (
    <>
      <label htmlFor={field.name}>Age:</label>
      <input
        id={field.name}
        name={field.name}
        value={field.state.value}
        type="number"
        onBlur={field.handleBlur}
        onChange={(e) => field.handleChange(e.target.valueAsNumber)}
      />
      {field.state.meta.errors ? (
        <em role="alert">{field.state.meta.errors.join(', ')}</em>
      ) : null}
    </>
  )}
</form.Field>

<form.Field
  name="age"
  validators={{
    onBlur: ({value}) => (value < 13 ? 'You must be at least 13' : undefined),
    onBlurAsync: async ({value}) => {
      const currentAge = await fetchCurrentAgeOnProfile()
      return value < currentAge ? 'You can only increase the age' : undefined
    },
  }}
>
  {(field) => (
    <>
      <label htmlFor={field.name}>Age:</label>
      <input
        id={field.name}
        name={field.name}
        value={field.state.value}
        type="number"
        onBlur={field.handleBlur}
        onChange={(e) => field.handleChange(e.target.valueAsNumber)}
      />
      {field.state.meta.errors ? (
        <em role="alert">{field.state.meta.errors.join(', ')}</em>
      ) : null}
    </>
  )}
</form.Field>

The synchronous validation method (onBlur) is run first and the asynchronous method (onBlurAsync) is only run if the synchronous one (onBlur) succeeds. To change this behaviour, set the asyncAlways option to true, and the async method will be run regardless of the result of the sync method.

Built-in Debouncing

While async calls are the way to go when validating against the database, running a network request on every keystroke is a good way to DDOS your database.

Instead, we enable an easy method for debouncing your async calls by adding a single property:

tsx

<form.Field
  name="age"
  asyncDebounceMs={500}
  validators={{
      onChangeAsync: async ({value}) => {
        // ...
      }
  }}
  children={(field) => {
    return (
      <>
        {/* ... */}
      </>
    );
  }}
/>

<form.Field
  name="age"
  asyncDebounceMs={500}
  validators={{
      onChangeAsync: async ({value}) => {
        // ...
      }
  }}
  children={(field) => {
    return (
      <>
        {/* ... */}
      </>
    );
  }}
/>

This will debounce every async call with a 500ms delay. You can even override this property on a per-validation property:

tsx

<form.Field
  name="age"
  asyncDebounceMs={500}
  validators={{
    onChangeAsyncDebounceMs: 1500,
    onChangeAsync: async ({value}) => {
      // ...
    },
    onBlurAsync: async ({value}) => {
      // ...
    },
  }}
  children={(field) => {
    return <>{/* ... */}</>
  }}
/>

<form.Field
  name="age"
  asyncDebounceMs={500}
  validators={{
    onChangeAsyncDebounceMs: 1500,
    onChangeAsync: async ({value}) => {
      // ...
    },
    onBlurAsync: async ({value}) => {
      // ...
    },
  }}
  children={(field) => {
    return <>{/* ... */}</>
  }}
/>

This will run onChangeAsync every 1500ms while onBlurAsync will run every 500ms.

Adapter-Based Validation (Zod, Yup, Valibot)

While functions provide more flexibility and customization over your validation, they can be a bit verbose. To help solve this, there are libraries like Valibot, Yup, and Zod that provide schema-based validation to make shorthand and type-strict validation substantially easier.

Luckily, we support all of these libraries through official adapters:

bash

$ npm install @tanstack/zod-form-adapter zod
# or
$ npm install @tanstack/yup-form-adapter yup
# or
$ npm install @tanstack/valibot-form-adapter valibot

$ npm install @tanstack/zod-form-adapter zod
# or
$ npm install @tanstack/yup-form-adapter yup
# or
$ npm install @tanstack/valibot-form-adapter valibot

Once done, we can add the adapter to the validator property on the form or field:

tsx

import { zodValidator } from '@tanstack/zod-form-adapter'
import { z } from 'zod'

// ...

const form = useForm({
  // Either add the validator here or on `Field`
  validatorAdapter: zodValidator(),
  // ...
})

<form.Field
  name="age"
  validatorAdapter={zodValidator()}
  validators={{
    onChange: z.number().gte(13, 'You must be 13 to make an account'),
  }}
  children={(field) => {
    return <>{/* ... */}</>
  }}
/>

import { zodValidator } from '@tanstack/zod-form-adapter'
import { z } from 'zod'

// ...

const form = useForm({
  // Either add the validator here or on `Field`
  validatorAdapter: zodValidator(),
  // ...
})

<form.Field
  name="age"
  validatorAdapter={zodValidator()}
  validators={{
    onChange: z.number().gte(13, 'You must be 13 to make an account'),
  }}
  children={(field) => {
    return <>{/* ... */}</>
  }}
/>

These adapters also support async operations using the proper property names:

tsx

<form.Field
  name="age"
  validators={{
    onChange: z.number().gte(13, 'You must be 13 to make an account'),
    onChangeAsyncDebounceMs: 500,
    onChangeAsync: z.number().refine(
      async (value) => {
        const currentAge = await fetchCurrentAgeOnProfile()
        return value >= currentAge
      },
      {
        message: 'You can only increase the age',
      },
    ),
  }}
  children={(field) => {
    return <>{/* ... */}</>
  }}
/>

<form.Field
  name="age"
  validators={{
    onChange: z.number().gte(13, 'You must be 13 to make an account'),
    onChangeAsyncDebounceMs: 500,
    onChangeAsync: z.number().refine(
      async (value) => {
        const currentAge = await fetchCurrentAgeOnProfile()
        return value >= currentAge
      },
      {
        message: 'You can only increase the age',
      },
    ),
  }}
  children={(field) => {
    return <>{/* ... */}</>
  }}
/>

Form Level Adapter Validation

You can also use the adapter at the form level:

tsx

import { zodValidator } from '@tanstack/zod-form-adapter'
import { z } from 'zod'

// ...

const formSchema = z.object({
  age: z.number().gte(13, 'You must be 13 to make an account'),
})

const form = useForm({
  validatorAdapter: zodValidator(),
  validators: {
    onChange: formSchema
  },
})

import { zodValidator } from '@tanstack/zod-form-adapter'
import { z } from 'zod'

// ...

const formSchema = z.object({
  age: z.number().gte(13, 'You must be 13 to make an account'),
})

const form = useForm({
  validatorAdapter: zodValidator(),
  validators: {
    onChange: formSchema
  },
})

If you use the adapter at the form level, it will pass the validation to the fields of the same name.

This means that:

tsx


<form.Field
  name="age"
  children={(field) => {
    return <>{/* ... */}</>
  }}
/>


<form.Field
  name="age"
  children={(field) => {
    return <>{/* ... */}</>
  }}
/>

Will still display the error message from the form-level validation.

Preventing invalid forms from being submitted

The onChange, onBlur etc... callbacks are also run when the form is submitted and the submission is blocked if the form is invalid.

The form state object has a canSubmit flag that is false when any field is invalid and the form has been touched (canSubmit is true until the form has been touched, even if some fields are "technically" invalid based on their onChange/onBlur props).

You can subscribe to it via form.Subscribe and use the value in order to, for example, disable the submit button when the form is invalid (in practice, disabled buttons are not accessible, use aria-disabled instead).

tsx

const form = useForm(/* ... */)

return (
  /* ... */

  // Dynamic submit button
  <form.Subscribe
    selector={(state) => [state.canSubmit, state.isSubmitting]}
    children={([canSubmit, isSubmitting]) => (
      <button type="submit" disabled={!canSubmit}>
        {isSubmitting ? '...' : 'Submit'}
      </button>
    )}
  />
)

const form = useForm(/* ... */)

return (
  /* ... */

  // Dynamic submit button
  <form.Subscribe
    selector={(state) => [state.canSubmit, state.isSubmitting]}
    children={([canSubmit, isSubmitting]) => (
      <button type="submit" disabled={!canSubmit}>
        {isSubmitting ? '...' : 'Submit'}
      </button>
    )}
  />
)