API Routes

API Routes are a powerful feature of TanStack Start that allow you to create server-side endpoints in your application without the need for a separate server. API Routes are useful for handling form submissions, user authentication, and more.

By default, API Routes are defined in your ./app/routes/api directory of your project and are automatically handled by the TanStack Start server.

🧠 This means that by default, your API Routes will be prefixed with /api and will be served from the same server as your application. You can customize this base path by changing the apiBase in your TanStack Start config.

Topics covered in this guide:

• File Route Conventions
• Nested Directories vs File-names
• Setting up the entry handler
• Defining an API Route
• Dynamic Path Params
• Wildcard/Splat Param
• Handling requests with a body
• Responding with JSON
• Responding with a status code
• Setting headers in the response

API Routes in TanStack Start, follow the same file-based routing conventions as TanStack Router. This means that each file in your routes directory that is prefixed with api (which can be configured) will be treated as an API route. Here are a few examples:

• routes/api.users.ts will create an API route at /api/users
• routes/api/users.ts will also create an API route at /api/users
• routes/api/users.index.ts will also create an API route at /api/users
• routes/api/users/$id.ts will create an API route at /api/users/$id
• routes/api/users/$id/posts.ts will create an API route at /api/users/$id/posts
• routes/api.users.$id.posts.ts will also create an API route at /api/users/$id/posts
• routes/api/file/$.ts will create an API route at /api/file/$

Your route files that are prefixed with api, can be thought of as the handlers for the given API route path.

It's important to remember that each route can only have a single handler file associated with it. So, if you have a file named routes/api/users.ts which'd equal the request path of /api/users, you cannot have other files that'd also resolve to the same route, like:

• routes/api/users.index.ts
• routes/api.users.ts.
• routes/api.users.index.ts.

❗ One more thing, API Routes do not have the concept of pathless/layout routes or parallel routes. So, a file named:

• routes/api/_layout/users.ts would resolve to /api/_layout/users and NOT /api/users.

In the examples above, you may have noticed that the file naming conventions are flexible and allow you to mix and match directories and file names. This is intentional and allows you to organize your API Routes in a way that makes sense for your application. You can read more about this in the TanStack Router File-based Routing Guide.

Your TanStack Start project needs an entry handler to handle the API incoming requests and route them to the appropriate API route handler. This is done by creating an app/api.ts file in your project:

// app/api.ts
import {
  createStartAPIHandler,
  defaultAPIFileRouteHandler,
} from '@tanstack/start/api'

export default createStartAPIHandler(defaultAPIFileRouteHandler)

// app/api.ts
import {
  createStartAPIHandler,
  defaultAPIFileRouteHandler,
} from '@tanstack/start/api'

export default createStartAPIHandler(defaultAPIFileRouteHandler)

This file is responsible for creating the API handler that will be used to route incoming requests to the appropriate API route handler. The defaultAPIFileRouteHandler is a helper function that will automatically load and execute the appropriate API route handler based on the incoming request.

API Routes export an APIRoute instance by calling the createAPIFileRoute function. Similar to other file-based routes in TanStack Router, the first argument to this function is the path of the route. The function returned is called again with an object that defines the route handlers for each HTTP method.

// routes/api/hello.ts
import { createAPIFileRoute } from '@tanstack/start/api'

export const Route = createAPIFileRoute('/hello')({
  GET: async ({ request }) => {
    return new Response('Hello, World! from ' + request.url)
  },
})

// routes/api/hello.ts
import { createAPIFileRoute } from '@tanstack/start/api'

export const Route = createAPIFileRoute('/hello')({
  GET: async ({ request }) => {
    return new Response('Hello, World! from ' + request.url)
  },
})

Each HTTP method handler receives an object with the following properties:

• request: The incoming request object. You can read more about the Request object in the MDN Web Docs.
• params: An object containing the dynamic path parameters of the route. For example, if the route path is /users/$id, and the request is made to /users/123, then params will be { id: '123' }. We'll cover dynamic path parameters and wildcard parameters later in this guide.

Once you've processed the request, you need to return a Response object or Promise<Response>. This can be done by creating a new Response object and returning it from the handler. You can read more about the Response object in the MDN Web Docs.

API Routes support dynamic path parameters, which are denoted by a $ followed by the parameter name. For example, a file named routes/api/users/$id.ts will create an API route at /api/users/$id that accepts a dynamic id parameter.

// routes/api/users/$id.ts
import { createAPIFileRoute } from '@tanstack/start/api'

export const Route = createAPIFileRoute('/users/$id')({
  GET: async ({ params }) => {
    const { id } = params
    return new Response(`User ID: ${id}`)
  },
})

// Visit /api/users/123 to see the response
// User ID: 123

// routes/api/users/$id.ts
import { createAPIFileRoute } from '@tanstack/start/api'

export const Route = createAPIFileRoute('/users/$id')({
  GET: async ({ params }) => {
    const { id } = params
    return new Response(`User ID: ${id}`)
  },
})

// Visit /api/users/123 to see the response
// User ID: 123

You can also have multiple dynamic path parameters in a single route. For example, a file named routes/api/users/$id/posts/$postId.ts will create an API route at /api/users/$id/posts/$postId that accepts two dynamic parameters.

// routes/api/users/$id/posts/$postId.ts
import { createAPIFileRoute } from '@tanstack/start/api'

export const Route = createAPIFileRoute('/users/$id/posts/$postId')({
  GET: async ({ params }) => {
    const { id, postId } = params
    return new Response(`User ID: ${id}, Post ID: ${postId}`)
  },
})

// Visit /api/users/123/posts/456 to see the response
// User ID: 123, Post ID: 456

// routes/api/users/$id/posts/$postId.ts
import { createAPIFileRoute } from '@tanstack/start/api'

export const Route = createAPIFileRoute('/users/$id/posts/$postId')({
  GET: async ({ params }) => {
    const { id, postId } = params
    return new Response(`User ID: ${id}, Post ID: ${postId}`)
  },
})

// Visit /api/users/123/posts/456 to see the response
// User ID: 123, Post ID: 456

API Routes also support wildcard parameters at the end of the path, which are denoted by a $ followed by nothing. For example, a file named routes/api/file/$.ts will create an API route at /api/file/$ that accepts a wildcard parameter.

// routes/api/file/$.ts
import { createAPIFileRoute } from '@tanstack/start/api'

export const Route = createAPIFileRoute('/file/$')({
  GET: async ({ params }) => {
    const { _splat } = params
    return new Response(`File: ${_splat}`)
  },
})

// Visit /api/file/hello.txt to see the response
// File: hello.txt

// routes/api/file/$.ts
import { createAPIFileRoute } from '@tanstack/start/api'

export const Route = createAPIFileRoute('/file/$')({
  GET: async ({ params }) => {
    const { _splat } = params
    return new Response(`File: ${_splat}`)
  },
})

// Visit /api/file/hello.txt to see the response
// File: hello.txt

To handle POST requests,you can add a POST handler to the route object. The handler will receive the request object as the first argument, and you can access the request body using the request.json() method.

// routes/api/hello.ts
import { createAPIFileRoute } from '@tanstack/start/api'

export const Route = createAPIFileRoute('/hello')({
  POST: async ({ request }) => {
    const body = await request.json()
    return new Response(`Hello, ${body.name}!`)
  },
})

// Send a POST request to /api/hello with a JSON body like { "name": "Tanner" }
// Hello, Tanner!

// routes/api/hello.ts
import { createAPIFileRoute } from '@tanstack/start/api'

export const Route = createAPIFileRoute('/hello')({
  POST: async ({ request }) => {
    const body = await request.json()
    return new Response(`Hello, ${body.name}!`)
  },
})

// Send a POST request to /api/hello with a JSON body like { "name": "Tanner" }
// Hello, Tanner!

This also applies to other HTTP methods like PUT, PATCH, and DELETE. You can add handlers for these methods in the route object and access the request body using the appropriate method.

It's important to remember that the request.json() method returns a Promise that resolves to the parsed JSON body of the request. You need to await the result to access the body.

This is a common pattern for handling POST requests in API Routes. You can also use other methods like request.text() or request.formData() to access the body of the request.

When returning JSON using a Response object, this is a common pattern:

// routes/api/hello.ts
import { createAPIFileRoute } from '@tanstack/start/api'

export const Route = createAPIFileRoute('/hello')({
  GET: async ({ request }) => {
    return new Response(JSON.stringify({ message: 'Hello, World!' }), {
      headers: {
        'Content-Type': 'application/json',
      },
    })
  },
})

// Visit /api/hello to see the response
// {"message":"Hello, World!"}

// routes/api/hello.ts
import { createAPIFileRoute } from '@tanstack/start/api'

export const Route = createAPIFileRoute('/hello')({
  GET: async ({ request }) => {
    return new Response(JSON.stringify({ message: 'Hello, World!' }), {
      headers: {
        'Content-Type': 'application/json',
      },
    })
  },
})

// Visit /api/hello to see the response
// {"message":"Hello, World!"}

Or you can use the json helper function to automatically set the Content-Type header to application/json and serialize the JSON object for you.

// routes/api/hello.ts
import { json } from '@tanstack/start'
import { createAPIFileRoute } from '@tanstack/start/api'

export const Route = createAPIFileRoute('/hello')({
  GET: async ({ request }) => {
    return json({ message: 'Hello, World!' })
  },
})

// Visit /api/hello to see the response
// {"message":"Hello, World!"}

// routes/api/hello.ts
import { json } from '@tanstack/start'
import { createAPIFileRoute } from '@tanstack/start/api'

export const Route = createAPIFileRoute('/hello')({
  GET: async ({ request }) => {
    return json({ message: 'Hello, World!' })
  },
})

// Visit /api/hello to see the response
// {"message":"Hello, World!"}

You can set the status code of the response by either:

• Passing it as a property of the second argument to the Response constructor

  ts

  // routes/api/hello.ts
  import { json } from '@tanstack/start'
  import { createAPIFileRoute } from '@tanstack/start/api'
  
  export const Route = createAPIFileRoute('/users/$id')({
    GET: async ({ request, params }) => {
      const user = await findUser(params.id)
      if (!user) {
        return new Response('User not found', {
          status: 404,
        })
      }
      return json(user)
    },
  })
  

  // routes/api/hello.ts
  import { json } from '@tanstack/start'
  import { createAPIFileRoute } from '@tanstack/start/api'
  
  export const Route = createAPIFileRoute('/users/$id')({
    GET: async ({ request, params }) => {
      const user = await findUser(params.id)
      if (!user) {
        return new Response('User not found', {
          status: 404,
        })
      }
      return json(user)
    },
  })
  

• Using the setResponseStatus helper function from vinxi/http

  ts

  // routes/api/hello.ts
  import { json } from '@tanstack/start'
  import { createAPIFileRoute } from '@tanstack/start/api'
  import { setResponseStatus } from 'vinxi/http'
  
  export const Route = createAPIFileRoute('/users/$id')({
    GET: async ({ request, params }) => {
      const user = await findUser(params.id)
      if (!user) {
        setResponseStatus(404)
        return new Response('User not found')
      }
      return json(user)
    },
  })
  

  // routes/api/hello.ts
  import { json } from '@tanstack/start'
  import { createAPIFileRoute } from '@tanstack/start/api'
  import { setResponseStatus } from 'vinxi/http'
  
  export const Route = createAPIFileRoute('/users/$id')({
    GET: async ({ request, params }) => {
      const user = await findUser(params.id)
      if (!user) {
        setResponseStatus(404)
        return new Response('User not found')
      }
      return json(user)
    },
  })
  

In this example, we're returning a 404 status code if the user is not found. You can set any valid HTTP status code using this method.

Sometimes you may need to set headers in the response. You can do this by either:

• Passing an object as the second argument to the Response constructor.

  ts

  // routes/api/hello.ts
  import { createAPIFileRoute } from '@tanstack/start/api'
  
  export const Route = createAPIFileRoute('/hello')({
    GET: async ({ request }) => {
      return new Response('Hello, World!', {
        headers: {
          'Content-Type': 'text/plain',
        },
      })
    },
  })
  
  // Visit /api/hello to see the response
  // Hello, World!
  

  // routes/api/hello.ts
  import { createAPIFileRoute } from '@tanstack/start/api'
  
  export const Route = createAPIFileRoute('/hello')({
    GET: async ({ request }) => {
      return new Response('Hello, World!', {
        headers: {
          'Content-Type': 'text/plain',
        },
      })
    },
  })
  
  // Visit /api/hello to see the response
  // Hello, World!
  

• Or using the setHeaders helper function from vinxi/http.

  ts

  // routes/api/hello.ts
  import { createAPIFileRoute } from '@tanstack/start/api'
  import { setHeaders } from 'vinxi/http'
  
  export const Route = createAPIFileRoute('/hello')({
    GET: async ({ request }) => {
      setHeaders({
        'Content-Type': 'text/plain',
      })
      return new Response('Hello, World!')
    },
  })
  

  // routes/api/hello.ts
  import { createAPIFileRoute } from '@tanstack/start/api'
  import { setHeaders } from 'vinxi/http'
  
  export const Route = createAPIFileRoute('/hello')({
    GET: async ({ request }) => {
      setHeaders({
        'Content-Type': 'text/plain',
      })
      return new Response('Hello, World!')
    },
  })